MSCIT

🌟 C Programming Quick Revision – By Saksham Computers 🌟

C is a powerful procedural programming language. It is the base for many modern languages like C++, Java, etc. Perfect for learning logic building and programming fundamentals!

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✅ 1️⃣ Basic Program

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    printf("Hello, C!");
    return 0;
}

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🧮 2️⃣ Variables & Data Types

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    int age = 20;
    float salary = 15000.50;
    char grade = 'A';
    printf("Age: %d, Salary: %.2f, Grade: %c", age, salary, grade);
    return 0;
}

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➕ 3️⃣ Operators

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    int a=10, b=5;
    printf("a+b = %d\n", a+b);
    printf("a==b? %d", a==b);
    return 0;
}

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🔄 4️⃣ Conditional Statements

if...else:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    int n=7;
    if(n>0)
        printf("Positive");
    else
        printf("Non-positive");
    return 0;
}

switch:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    int choice=2;
    switch(choice) {
        case 1: printf("One"); break;
        case 2: printf("Two"); break;
        default: printf("Other");
    }
    return 0;
}

---

🔁 5️⃣ Loops

for loop:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    for(int i=1; i<=5; i++)
        printf("%d ", i);
    return 0;
}

while loop:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    int i=1;
    while(i<=5) {
        printf("%d ", i);
        i++;
    }
    return 0;
}

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📦 6️⃣ Functions

#include <stdio.h>

void greet() {
    printf("Hello Students!");
}

int main() {
    greet();
    return 0;
}

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🏷️ 7️⃣ Arrays

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    int arr[3] = {10, 20, 30};
    for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
        printf("%d ", arr[i]);
    return 0;
}

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📚 8️⃣ Pointers

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    int a=10;
    int *p = &a;
    printf("Value: %d, Address: %p", *p, p);
    return 0;
}

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📂 9️⃣ File Handling

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    FILE *fp;
    fp = fopen("demo.txt", "w");
    fprintf(fp, "File content");
    fclose(fp);
    return 0;
}

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📄 🔟 Structures

#include <stdio.h>

struct Student {
    int roll;
    char name[20];
};

int main() {
    struct Student s = {101, "John"};
    printf("Roll: %d, Name: %s", s.roll, s.name);
    return 0;
}

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✅ Conclusion:

C helps you build a strong programming base. Practice these short programs daily to master the logic!
✨ Keep coding! – Saksham Computers

🌟 C++ Quick Revision – By Saksham Computers 🌟

C++ is a powerful object-oriented programming language derived from C. It supports procedural, object-oriented, and generic programming. Perfect for beginners and professionals alike!

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✅ 1️⃣ Basic Program

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {
    cout << "Hello, C++!" << endl;
    return 0;
}

---

🧮 2️⃣ Variables & Data Types

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {
    int age = 20;
    float salary = 15000.50;
    char grade = 'A';
    cout << "Age: " << age << ", Salary: " << salary << ", Grade: " << grade << endl;
    return 0;
}

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➕ 3️⃣ Operators

int a=10, b=5;
cout << "a+b = " << a+b << endl;
cout << "a==b? " << (a==b);

---

🔄 4️⃣ Conditional Statements

if...else:

int n=7;
if(n>0) cout << "Positive";
else cout << "Non-positive";

switch:

int choice=2;
switch(choice) {
    case 1: cout<<"One"; break;
    case 2: cout<<"Two"; break;
    default: cout<<"Other";
}

---

🔁 5️⃣ Loops

for loop:

for(int i=1; i<=5; i++)
    cout<<i<<" ";

while loop:

int i=1;
while(i<=5) {
    cout<<i<<" ";
    i++;
}

---

📦 6️⃣ Functions

void greet() {
    cout<<"Hello Students!";
}

int main() {
    greet();
    return 0;
}

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🏷️ 7️⃣ Arrays

int arr[3] = {10, 20, 30};
for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
    cout<<arr[i]<<" ";

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📚 8️⃣ Classes & Objects

class Student {
public:
    int roll;
    void show() { cout<<"Roll: "<<roll; }
};

int main() {
    Student s;
    s.roll = 101;
    s.show();
    return 0;
}

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🧰 9️⃣ Constructors

class Test {
public:
    Test() { cout<<"Constructor called"; }
};

int main() {
    Test t;
    return 0;
}

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🔄 1️⃣0️⃣ Polymorphism (Function Overloading)

void show(int a) { cout<<a; }
void show(string s) { cout<<s; }

int main() {
    show(100);
    show("Hello");
    return 0;
}

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🧬 1️⃣1️⃣ Inheritance

class Base {
public:
    void display() { cout<<"Base"; }
};

class Derived : public Base {};

int main() {
    Derived d;
    d.display();
    return 0;
}

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📂 1️⃣2️⃣ File Handling

#include <fstream>

using namespace std;

int main() {
    ofstream fout("demo.txt");
    fout << "File content";
    fout.close();
    return 0;
}

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✅ Constructor:

✅ Example 1: Default Constructor

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class Student {
public:
    Student() {  // Default constructor
        cout << "Welcome to Saksham Computers!" << endl;
    }
};
void main() {
    clrscr();
    Student s1;  // Constructor is called automatically
    getch();
}

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✅ Example 2: Parameterized Constructor

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class Student {
public:
    Student(char name[]) {  // Parameterized constructor
        cout << "Student Name: " << name << endl;
    }
};
void main() {
    clrscr();
    Student s1("Rahul");
    getch();
}

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✅ Example 3: Constructor Overloading

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class Student {
public:
    Student() {
        cout << "Default Constructor" << endl;
    }
    Student(int age) {
        cout << "Age: " << age << endl;
    }
};
void main() {
    clrscr();
    Student s1;         // Calls default constructor
    Student s2(20);     // Calls parameterized constructor
    getch();
}

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✅ Example 4: Copy Constructor

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class Student {
    int roll;
public:
    Student(int r) {
        roll = r;
    }
    Student(Student &s) {  // Copy constructor
        roll = s.roll;
    }
    void show() {
        cout << "Roll No: " << roll << endl;
    }
};
void main() {
    clrscr();
    Student s1(101);
    Student s2(s1);  // Copy constructor called
    s2.show();
    getch();
}

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🌟 Polymorphism in C++ (बहुरूपता)

Definition (व्याख्या):
Polymorphism is one of the fundamental concepts of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP). It means "many forms". In C++, polymorphism allows objects to behave differently based on their data type or class.

Types of Polymorphism:

1. Compile-time Polymorphism (Static binding)

2. Run-time Polymorphism (Dynamic binding)

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✅ 1. Compile-time Polymorphism (Function Overloading & Operator Overloading)

📌 Function Overloading:
Multiple functions with the same name but different parameters.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

class Print {
public:
    void show(int a) {
        cout << "Integer: " << a << endl;
    }

    void show(double b) {
        cout << "Double: " << b << endl;
    }

    void show(string c) {
        cout << "String: " << c << endl;
    }
};

int main() {
    Print obj;
    obj.show(5);
    obj.show(3.14);
    obj.show("Hello");
    return 0;
}

📌 Operator Overloading:

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

class Complex {
    int real, imag;
public:
    Complex(int r = 0, int i = 0) {
        real = r; imag = i;
    }

    Complex operator + (Complex const &obj) {
        return Complex(real + obj.real, imag + obj.imag);
    }

    void display() {
        cout << real << " + " << imag << "i" << endl;
    }
};

int main() {
    Complex c1(3, 4), c2(1, 2);
    Complex c3 = c1 + c2;
    c3.display();
    return 0;
}

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✅ 2. Run-time Polymorphism (Using Inheritance and Virtual Functions)

📌 Example using Virtual Functions:

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

class Animal {
public:
    virtual void sound() {
        cout << "Animal makes a sound" << endl;
    }
};

class Dog : public Animal {
public:
    void sound() override {
        cout << "Dog barks" << endl;
    }
};

class Cat : public Animal {
public:
    void sound() override {
        cout << "Cat meows" << endl;
    }
};

int main() {
    Animal *a;
    Dog d;
    Cat c;

    a = &d;
    a->sound();  // Dog barks

    a = &c;
    a->sound();  // Cat meows

    return 0;
}